Mark Dagley, Final Sequence, 2007
Acrylic on canvas, 10 x 10 inches

April 22 – May 8, 2010
Floor Talk: Wednesday, April 21, 12noon

The Engine Room
Massey University
East End Block 1
Wallace Street
Wellington, New Zealand
T: 801 5799 x62170
Hours: Tuesday-Saturday, 12-4pm
web site

MINUS SPACE is delighted to announce the group exhibition Escape from New York at The Engine Room, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand, from April 22 – May 8, 2010.

Curated by Matthew Deleget, the exhibition surveys reductive strategies by 29 artists living in and around New York City. Each artist will present a single small work, as well as an open letter to the local community of artists.

Escape from New York originated at Sydney Non Objective, Sydney, Australia, in 2007, and later traveled to Curtin University in Perth in 2008 and Project Space Spare Room, RMIT University in Melbourne in 2009.

Participating Artists:
Soledad Arias, Richard Bottwin, Sharon Brant, Michael Brennan, Bibi Calderaro, Mark Dagley, Gabriele Evertz, Daniel Feingold, Kevin Finklea, Linda Francis, Zipora Fried, Julio Grinblatt, Lynne Harlow, Gilbert Hsiao, Andrew Huston, Steve Karlik, Daniel Levine, Sylvan Lionni, Rossana Martinez, Juan Matos Capote, Manfred Mohr, Karen Schifano, Analia Segal, Edward Shalala, Robert Swain, Li-Trincere, Don Voisine, Douglas Witmer & Michael Zahn

Also on view at The Engine Room: Collective Monochrome: Billy Gruner & Sarah Keighery.

SUPPORT
MINUS SPACE extends a BIG THANKS to artists Simon Morris (NZ) and Billy Gruner (AUS) for traveling the exhibition to Wellington. Additional thanks goes to the staff of The Engine Room and Massey University for their support of the exhibition.

MINUS SPACE’s programming is made possible by the generous support of The Golden Rule Foundation, as well as individual donors. We thank you!

Gabriele Evertz, Contrast and Assimilation

April 13 – May 8, 2010

The Painting Center presents Continuing Color Abstraction curated by Rella Stuart-Hunt. This invitational exhibition includes Lisa Abbott-Canfield, Carla Aurich, Ellen Banks, Siri Berg, Audrey Bergensten, Doug Canfield, Beth Caspar, Sherri Cobb, Dan Crews, Gabriele Evertz, Halsey Hathaway, Changa Hwang, Joanne Klein, Charles Koegel, Charlotte Nicholson, Pierre Obando, Susan Post, Shawn Powell, Russell Roberts, James Vanderberg, Ken Weathersby and Jean Wolff.

Color abstraction has been a subject for painters for almost a century. The innovative masters of this genre in the early 20th century made a concerted decision to create space directly through the experience of canvas and paint as an object in itself.  By the sensual experience and further contemplation of their works, these artists opened up the possibilities in paint for visual meaning to take place in the eye/mind of the viewer.

These 22 painters continue to explore and discover ways of using color and paint on canvas. Though the earlier practitioners tended to live and paint during a time when life seemed to be moving at a slower pace, these artists, by their very choice to use paint on canvas as their medium, express themselves today in counterpoint to the barrage of fast-paced media constantly vying for ones attention. Their art may invite a quiet response or an intellectually and visually challenging one, or a balance between these two; but seen as a whole the exhibition Continuing Color Abstraction presents a visual conversation among artists who are deliberately creating a more or a less structured use of color and space.  It is to be hoped that individually and by juxtaposition, these paintings will elicit a slower paced response by the viewer.

May 8-29, 2009

RMIT University School of Art and Sydney Non Objective present contemporary non-objective practice from MINUS SPACE New York. A survey of reductive strategies by artists living in and around New York City. Presenting a single work from each artist, as well as an open letter to the artist community affiliated with RMIT Non Objective.  The exhibition originated at Sydney Non Objective in 2007, and later travelled to Curtin University in Perth in 2008.

Participating Artists
Soledad Arias, Richard Bottwin, Sharon Brant, Michael Brennan, Bibi Calderaro, Mark Dagley, Gabriele Evertz, Daniel Feingold, Kevin Finklea, Linda Francis, Zipora Fried, Julio Grinblatt, Lynne Harlow, Gilbert Hsiao, Andrew Huston, Steve Karlik, Daniel Levine, Sylvan Lionni, Rossana Martinez, Juan Matos Capote, Manfred Mohr, Karen Schifano, Analia Segal, Edward Shalala, Robert Swain, Li-Trincere, Don Voisine, Douglas Witmer & Michael Zahn 

SUPPORT
MINUS SPACE is a sponsored project of the New York Foundation for the Arts. Funding for this exhibition has been generously provided by the Golden Rule Foundation.

MINUS SPACE extends a heartfelt thanks to artists David Thomas and Billy Gruner for bringing the show to Melbourne!  Additional thanks to Daniel Argyle for his assistance.

Installation view
Photo: Matthew Septimus

Closes Monday, May 4, 2009

The exhibition is curated by artist, Brooklyn Rail publisher, and P.S.1. Curatorial Advisor Phong Bui. The exhibition marks MINUS SPACE’s 5th anniversary.

We greatly thank curator Phong Bui and the remarkable staff at P.S.1, the participating artists and their galleries, and our generous donors, whose financial support made this exhibition possible.

Exhibiting Artists
Soledad Arias, Shinsuke Aso, Sharon Brant, Vicente Butron, Bibi Calderaro, Melanie Crader, Matthew Deleget, Lynne Eastaway, Gabriele Evertz, Zipora Fried, Daniel Göttin, Julio Grinblatt, Billy Gruner, Terry Haggerty, Inverted Topology, Steve Karlik, Sarah Keighery, Andrew Leslie, Daniel Levine, Juan Matos Capote, Salvatore Panatteri, Karen Schifano, Jan van der Ploeg, Don Voisine & Douglas Witmer

PLEASE NOTE: Our exhibition in P.S.1’s Boiler Room space closed on January 26, 2009.

Tuesday, April 21, 2009, 6-8pm

Wine bar and hors d’oeuvres

Gary Snyder Project Space
250 West 26th Street
4th floor, between 7th & 8th Ave.
New York, NY 10001

for inquiries please call 646 325 4581

Tickets
$25 NOS Donor
$50 NOS Patron
$100 NOS Benefactor, includes
or more acknowledgment in 2009 catalogue

Raffle
Win a DAN WALSH work
Tickets: 1 for $30, 2 for $50, 5 for $100
All other works for sale $500 and under

Artists:
Andisheh Avini, Tanya Barr, John Beech, Marina Berio, Richard Bottwin, Sharon Brant, Michael Brennan, Eric Brown, Angela Cumberbirch, Mark Dagley, Christoph Dahlhausen, Stephen Dean, Matthew Deleget, Anne Deleporte, Gabriele Evertz, Manuela Filiaci, Kevin Finklea, Linda Francis, Douglas Gordon, Daniel Göttin, Nora Griffin, Gilbert Hsiao, Andrew Huston, Steve Karlik, Tania Kitchell, Karl Klingbiel, Lluis Lleo, Rossana Martinez, Norman Mooney, Matt Mullican, Scott Ogden, Salvatore Panatteri, Jan van der Ploeg, Andreas Reiter Raabe, Judy Rifka, Gary Rough, Jackie Saccoccio, Karen Schifano, Kate Shepherd, Motoe Shiratori, Jason Silva, Melissa Staiger, Tilman, Li-Trincere, Ian Tyson, Don Voisine, Jan Maarten Voskuil, Dan Walsh, Rob Wynne, Michael Zahn & Harry Zernicke

* List in formation

Special thanks to Susan Madden, John Melick and Gary Snyder for their assistance.

If you are unable to attend and would like to make a fully tax deductible contribution,
please make check payable to Non-Objectif Sud send to:

Non-Objectif Sud
560 Lorimer Street, Brooklyn, NY 11211, USA

Non-Objectif Sud is a non-for-profit 501(c) (3), all financial contibutions are tax deductible
to the fullest extent of the law.

Gabriele Evertz, Four Blues + Green, 2008
Acrylic on canvas, 36 x 36 inches

March 27 – April 26, 2009

Berlin-New York
FOUR PAINTERS / FOUR POSITIONS
Organized by Gabriele Evertz and Galerie Parterre Berlin
Full color brochure catalog in English and German with an essay by Matthias Bleyl

Metaphor Contemporary Art presents the exhibition COLOR EXCHANGE: BERLIN / NEW YORK featuring the work of four painters; Gabriele Evertz, Julian Jackson, Susanne Jung and Gabriele Schade-Hasenberg. This exhibition was organized by Gabriele Evertz and Galerie Parterre in Berlin, where it was on view in Berlin January 28 – March 1, 2009. The exhibition is accompanied by a full color brochure catalog in English and German with an essay by the eminent Berlin contemporary color theorist and art historian, Dr. Matthias Bleyl, published by Galerie Parterre, Berlin. The exhibition was supported in part by the Berlin Senate Cultural Affairs Department.

These four painters, two from Berlin, two from New York, stake out unique positions on the nature of color’s impact on our psyche, extending the bounderies of the objective laws of color behavior in order to make for surprising and subjective experiences. As Gabriele Evertz states in her curatorial statement; “This phenomenological approach insists on the primacy of the viewer’s dynamic experience. [each artist is] concerned with a systematic investigation of color phenomena based on scientific inquiry and perceptual observation. What unites all four artists is their adherence to color as the sole content in painting, which allows for pictorial elements to be organized according to sensations… much in the manner of Albers, Reinhardt, and Rothko. Upon reflection, sympathetic insights can turn into perceptive revelations.” As Dr. Matthias Bleyl states in his catalog notes; “both New Yorkers [Evertz, Jackson], despite their individual styles, tend towards a polychromatic palette, whereas both Berliners [ Jung, Schade-Hasenberg], tend towards a restrained, almost monochromatic color scheme.”

Gabriele Evertz was born in Berlin, Germany and received her early education there. After settling in the US she studied at Pratt Institute and then Hunter College where she received a Master’s Degree in Painting in 1990. Currently, Gabriele Evertz presents her work at P.S.1 / MoMA with the group Minus Space. Also in 2008, her paintings were on view at Metaphor Contemporary Art, the Painting Center, and the Sideshow Gallery, all in New York, and at the Ulrich Museum in Wichita, Kansas. Gabriele Evertz is member of the American Abstract Artists. Her work can be found in numerous private and public collections and museums in the US and abroad. Gabriele Evertz received awards from the DAAD and the Foundation for the Arts. She participated in panel discussions, as visiting critic, and as external examiner in the Netherlands. She has organized exhibitions and writes on color problems in painting. She is an Associate Professor of Art at Hunter College, City University of New York.
Gabriele Evertz lives and works in New York. She will be exhibiting new works from 2008.

Julian Jackson was born in Richmond, Virginia, USA. He studied painting, printmaking, photography, and performance at Mass. College of Art, Boston, MA and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA. He is a member and secretary of the American Abstract Artists. Julian Jackson has been awarded fellowships from the MacDowell Colony, the Millay Colony, Virginia Center for Creative Arts, Soaring Gardens and most recently was a visiting artist at the Oberpfaelzer Kuenstlerhaus in Schwandorf, Germany. His works can be found in numerous private and public collections and museums in the US and abroad. His paintings have been widely exhibited nationally and internationally. Most recent exhibitions include the solo exhibitions Watching Fire, in 2009 at Galerie Kaysser in Munich, Germany and in 2007 The Elements at Kathryl Markel Fine Arts, New York City, and A Warmth in Winter at Gallery Kaysser, Munich and again at Tease Art in Berlin with Galerie Kaysser in 2008. His work was included in Kuf/Mold at the Istanbul Biennial, Istanbul, Turkey and in 2008 at Jan Kolle Gallery, Ghent, Belgium. Julian Jackson lives and works in Brooklyn, New York. He will be exhibiting works from the Speed of Light series circa 2000.

Susanne Jung was born in Prien / Chiemsee, Germany. She studied at the UdK, Berlin with Kuno Gonschior and Frank Badur, and having received a NICA grant, at Hunter College, CUNY in New York City. In 2000, she graduated with a Master’s Degree in Painting and was the recipient of the UdK President’s Graduate Student Award. The following year she was granted a scholarship from the foundation Kulturfond, Berlin. Susanne Jung’s paintings are shown in national and international exhibitions. In 2008 her works were on view at the Goethe Institut, San Francisco and at the Verein fuer aktuelle Kunst, Oberhausen. She presented her works in an extensive solo show at the Gallery Weisser Elefant, Berlin, as well as at the Stiftung-Kuenstlerhaus, Munich. Further,in 2008, she participated in group shows at the pp projects, Hamburg, the foundation Starke, Berlin and at the KunstHaus in Potsdam. Susanne Jung lives and works in Berlin. She will be exhibiting new works from 2008.

Gabriele Schade-Hasenberg was born in Gelsenkirchen, Germany. She studied Chemistry and Pharmaceutics and is an autodidactic painter. Her paintings have been shown in national and international exhibitions. In 1999, she participated in the exhibition Die Farbe hat mich (Rot) at the Karl Ernst-Osthaus Museum, Hagen, followed by solo shows at Gallery Renate Schröder, Cologne in 2001 and 2002. Also in 2002, her work was on view at the Muecsarnok Artspace, Budapest, Hungary in colour – a life of its own. The most important exhibitions include, in 2003, participations at the Mies van der Rohe-Haus, Berlin and Seeing Red: An International Exhibition of Nonobjective Painting, at the Hunter College/Times Square Gallery in New York City. She was invited to show her work in the exhibition Die Farbe hat mich II (nicht nur Rot) at the Karl Ernst-Osthaus Museum in 2004. Her work is included in numerous private and public collections, among others the Karl Ernst-Osthaus Museum, Hagen and the museum of the city of Lüdenscheid. Gabriele Schade-Hasenberg lives and works in Berlin. She will be exhibiting recent works from 2004-2007.

Installation in cafe space

Exhibition in cafe space continues until May 2009.

(Boiler Room exhibition closed on January 26, 2009.)  

MINUS SPACE
Curated by Phong Bui
P.S.1 Contemporary Art Center
A Museum of Modern Art Affiliate
Long Island City, NY  

The exhibition is curated by artist, Brooklyn Rail publisher, and P.S.1. Curatorial Advisor Phong Bui, and includes the work of 54 artists from 14 countries. The exhibition marks MINUS SPACE’s 5th anniversary.

Participating Artists
Soledad Arias, Shinsuke Aso, Marcus Bering, Hartmut Böhm, Richard Bottwin, Sharon Brant, Michael Brennan, Henry Brown, Vicente Butron, Bibi Calderaro, Melanie Crader, Mark Dagley, Julian Dashper, Christopher Dean, Matthew Deleget, Lynne Eastaway, Gabriele Evertz, Daniel Feingold, Kevin Finklea, Linda Francis, Zipora Fried, Daniel Göttin, Julio Grinblatt, Billy Gruner, Terry Haggerty, Lynne Harlow, Gilbert Hsiao, Andrew Huston, Simon Ingram, Inverted Topology, Kyle Jenkins, Mick Johnson, Steve Karlik, Sarah Keighery, Andrew Leslie, Daniel Levine, Sylvan Lionni, Lotte Lyon, Gerhard Mantz, Rossana Martinez, Juan Matos Capote, Douglas Melini, Manfred Mohr, Salvatore Panatteri, Dirk Rathke, Karen Schifano, Analia Segal, Edward Shalala, Tilman, Li-Trincere, Jan van der Ploeg, Don Voisine, Douglas Witmer & Michael Zahn

Ongoing Performance
Bibi Calderaro: PRESENT
Thursdays, 1-4pm, and Saturdays, 12-3pm, in the P.S.1 Cafe

Exhibition poster

October 19, 2008 – May 4, 2009

(Daniel Göttin’s ceiling work in the cafe continues through summer 2009)

We are delighted to announce our exhibition at P.S.1 Contemporary Art Center, an affiliate of The Museum of Modern Art in New York. P.S.1 is one of the oldest and largest non-profit arts centers in the United States solely devoted to contemporary art.

The exhibition is curated by artist, Brooklyn Rail publisher, and P.S.1. Curatorial Advisor Phong Bui, and includes the work of 54 artists from 14 countries. The exhibition marks MINUS SPACE’s 5th anniversary.

We greatly thank curator Phong Bui and the remarkable staff at P.S.1, the participating artists and their galleries, and our generous donors, whose financial support made this exhibition possible.

Participating Artists
Soledad Arias, Shinsuke Aso, Marcus Bering, Hartmut Böhm, Richard Bottwin, Sharon Brant, Michael Brennan, Henry Brown, Vicente Butron, Bibi Calderaro, Melanie Crader, Mark Dagley, Julian Dashper, Christopher Dean, Matthew Deleget, Lynne Eastaway, Gabriele Evertz, Daniel Feingold, Kevin Finklea, Linda Francis, Zipora Fried, Daniel Göttin, Julio Grinblatt, Billy Gruner, Terry Haggerty, Lynne Harlow, Gilbert Hsiao, Andrew Huston, Simon Ingram, Inverted Topology, Kyle Jenkins, Mick Johnson, Steve Karlik, Sarah Keighery, Andrew Leslie, Daniel Levine, Sylvan Lionni, Lotte Lyon, Gerhard Mantz, Rossana Martinez, Juan Matos Capote, Douglas Melini, Manfred Mohr, Salvatore Panatteri, Dirk Rathke, Karen Schifano, Analia Segal, Edward Shalala, Tilman, Li-Trincere, Jan van der Ploeg, Don Voisine, Douglas Witmer & Michael Zahn

Ongoing Performance
Bibi Calderaro: PRESENT
Thursdays, 1-4pm, and Saturdays, 12-3pm, in the P.S.1 Cafe

Interview
MINUS SPACE: The Art of Reduction, by Phong Bui
P.S.1 Newspaper, Fall/Winter 2008

Press / Blogs
Drunkard’s Walk vs. PMU, Ethan Ham blog, December 18, 2008

MINUS SPACE at P.S.1 Contemporary Art Center / MoMA, Abstract Contemporary Art Blog, December 18, 2008

Top Ten 2008, by Jerry Saltz, Artnet Magazine, December 15, 2008 (MINUS SPACE is cited in #10)

The Year in Art: The Top Nine Shows (and One Event), by Jerry Saltz, New York Magazine, December 7, 2008 (MINUS SPACE is cited in #10)

Michael Brennan at 210 Gallery and P.S.1, by Paul Corio, November 16, 2008

Interview with Simon Ingram / MINUS SPACE exhibition at P.S.1, New York, Vernissage TV, November 10, 2008

MINUS SPACE, by Eva Lake, November 10, 2008

MINUS SPACE at P.S.1, The James Kalm Report, November 2, 2008

Update, Henri Art Magazine, November 1, 2008

Reductive Art at P.S.1, by Jon Meyer, October 25, 2008

Gallery Credits
Hartmut Böhm courtesy of Bartha Contemporary, London, UK
Richard Bottwin courtesy of Pentimenti Gallery, Philadelphia, PA; Metaphor Contemporary Art, Brooklyn, NY
Sharon Brant courtesy of Elizabeth Moore Fine Art, New York, NY
Melanie Crader courtesy of Gallery Sonja Roesch, Houston, TX
Mark Dagley courtesy of Abaton Garage, Jersey City, NJ
Julian Dashper courtesy of Esso Gallery, New York, NY
Matthew Deleget courtesy of Gallery Sonja Roesch, Houston, TX
Gabriele Evertz courtesy of Ober Gallery, Kent, CT
Daniel Feingold courtesy of Gabinete de Arte Raquel Arnaud, Sao Paolo, Brazil
Kevin Finklea courtesy of Margaret Thatcher Projects, New York, NY; Pentimenti Gallery, Philadelphia, PA
Daniel Göttin courtesy of Hebel_121, Basel, Switzerland
Julio Grinblatt courtesy of Ruth Benzacar Galeria de Arte, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Galeria Baro-Cruz, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Laura Marsiaj Arte Contemporanea, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Terry Haggerty courtesy of Andreas Grimm Gallery, New York, NY
Lynne Harlow courtesy of Cade Tompkins Editions, Providence, RI
Gilbert Hsiao courtesy of Gallery Sonja Roesch, Houston, TX
Andrew Huston courtesy of Elizabeth Moore Fine Art, New York, NY
Simon Ingram courtesy of Gow Langsford Gallery, Auckland, New Zealand
Mick Johnson courtesy of Gallery Sonja Roesch, Houston, TX
Steve Karlik courtesy of Anita Schwartz Galeria de Arte, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Andrew Leslie courtesy of Annandale Galleries, Sydney, Australia; John Buckley Gallery, Melbourne, Australia
Sylvan Lionni courtesy of Freight + Volume, New York, NY
Lotte Lyon courtesy of Aoyama Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
Rossana Martinez courtesy of Gallery Sonja Roesch, Houston, TX
Manfred Mohr courtesy of Bitforms Gallery, New York, NY
Dirk Rathke courtesy of Gallery Sonja Roesch, Houston, TX 
Analia Segal courtesy of DPM Gallery, Miami, FL; Guayaquil, Ecuador
Tilman courtesy of CCNOA center for contemporary non-objective art, Brussels, Belgium
Jan van der Ploeg courtesy of Aschenbach & Hofland Galleries, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Don Voisine courtesy of Abaton Garage, Jersey City, NJ; McKenzie Fine Art, New York, NY
Michael Zahn courtesy of Eleven Rivington, New York, NY

Additional Credits
Poster & Flash Animation: Level Design Studio

Gabriele Evertz, Four Reds and Iceblues
Acrylic on canvas, 108 x 144 inches

May 2 — June 1, 2008

August 3 – September 2, 2007

A group exhibition surveying reductive strategies by artists living in and around New York City. Each artist will present a single work, as well as an open letter to the artist community affiliated with Sydney Non Objective.

Participating Artists:
Soledad Arias, Richard Bottwin, Sharon Brant, Michael Brennan, Bibi Calderaro, Mark Dagley, Gabriele Evertz, Daniel Feingold, Kevin Finklea, Linda Francis, Zipora Fried, Julio Grinblatt, Lynne Harlow, Gilbert Hsiao, Andrew Huston, Steve Karlik, Daniel Levine, Sylvan Lionni, Rossana Martinez, Juan Matos Capote, Manfred Mohr, Karen Schifano, Analia Segal, Edward Shalala, Robert Swain, Li-Trincere, Don Voisine, Douglas Witmer & Michael Zahn

> SNO 30 Catalog

SUPPORT
Escape from New York is a sponsored project of the New York Foundation for the Arts.  Funding has been generously provided by The Golden Rule Foundation.

Letters

Soledad Arias > view letter

Richard Bottwin > view letter

Sharon Brant > view letter

Michael Brennan > view letter

Bibi Calderaro > view letter

Mark Dagley > view letter

Gabriele Evertz > view letter

Daniel Feingold > view letter

Kevin Finklea > view letter

Linda Francis > view letter

Zipora Fried > view letter

Julio Grinblatt > view letter

Lynne Harlow > view letter

Gilbert Hsiao > view letter

Andrew Huston > view letter

Steve Karlik > view letter

Daniel Levine > view letter

Sylvan Lionni > view letter

Rossana Martinez > view letter

Juan Matos Capote > view letter

Manfred Mohr > view letter

Karen Schifano > view letter

Analia Segal > view letter

Edward Shalala > view letter

Robert Swain > view letter

Li-Trincere  > view letter

Don Voisine > view letter

Douglas Witmer > view letter part 1 / letter part 2

Michael Zahn > view letter

Installation view with Gabriele Evertz’s Motion Parallax, 1998 (on right)

July 6 — September 30, 2007

Curated by Joe Houston, a group show featuring MINUS SPACE artist Gabriele Evertz.

Gilbert Hsiao, Encounter, 2006
Sprayed acrylic on wood panel, 42 x 42 inches

Gabriele Evertz, Motion Parallax, 1998
Acrylic on canvas, 72 x 72 inches

March 8 — April 14, 2007

Curated by Robert C. Morgan, exhibition includes Bridget Riley, Richard Anuszkiewicz, Julian Stanczak, Victor Vasarely, Josef Albers, Sandford Wurmfeld, Robert Swain, Gabriele Evertz, Rakuko Natio, Gilbert Hsiao, Soon Ja Han, Jon Groom, Beverly Fishman, Ryszard Wasko, and Michelle Hinebrook.  Curated by Robert C. Morgan.  A catalog will accompany the exhibition.  There will also be an artists talk on March 9 at 6pm, Pratt Manhattan, Room 213 with Jan Groom, Soonja Han, Ryszard Wasko, and Sanford Wurmfeld.